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Structural unemployment is a form of unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers (also known as the skills gap). Structural unemployment is often brought about by technological changes that make the job skills of many of today's workers obsolete, and can be addressed by either providing better information to workers who are structurally unemployed or by retraining these workers to fill new jobs that are in higher demand in the economy. For example, in the 1970s automobile assembly lines employed people to make welds on cars being produced. When automation replaced those workers with robots in the 1980s, there was no longer the same demand for welders among manufacturers in the automobile producing states. However, at the same time, there was a strong demand for welders in other sectors of the economy (such as the oil industry) and in other parts of the country (such as Alaska and the Oil Patch states). If welders laid off in the auto industry were informed of these job opportunities (and were sufficiently mobile) they could find employment and would no longer be unemployed. Another way of addressing structural unemployment would be retraining workers with obsolete job skills to work in fields that need workers with a different set of skills. When welders on automobile assembly lines were replaced by robots, the demand for welders went down, but the demand for people to maintain and program automobile assembly line robots went up. Workers who lost their jobs as welders on assembly lines when robots were introduced could be retrained to maintain and program those same robots. Those workers who were able to successfully retrain to maintain and program assembly line robots would no longer be unemployed, and less structural unemployment would exist in the economy. Structural unemployment is one of several major categories of unemployment distinguished by economists, including frictional unemployment, cyclical unemployment, and classical unemployment. Because it requires either migration or re-training, structural unemployment can be long-term and slow to fix. == Causes and examples == From an individual perspective, structural unemployment can be due to: * Inability to afford or decision not to pursue further education or job training * Choice of a field of study which did not produce marketable job skills * Inability to afford relocation * Inability to sell a house (for example due to the collapse of a real estate bubble or of the local economy) * Decision not to relocate, in order to stay with a spouse, family, friends, etc. From a larger perspective, there can be a number of reasons for structural unemployment across large numbers of workers: * Technological obsolescence makes a specific expertise useless. For example, manual typesetters disappeared with digitization of printing plate production. * Productivity increases reduce the number of workers (with the same or similar skills) needed to satisfy demand. * New technology significantly increase productivity, but requires a fewer number of higher-skilled workers. For example, fewer agricultural workers are needed when the work is mechanized; those that remain must be trained to operate equipment. Another common example is the use of industrial robots to automate manufacturing. * Competition causes the same jobs to move to a different location, and workers do not or cannot follow. Examples: * * Manufacturing jobs in the United States moved from what are now called Rust Belt cities to lower-cost cities in the South and rural areas. * * Globalization has caused many manufacturing jobs to move from high-wage to low-wage countries. * * Free trade agreements can cause jobs to move as competitive advantage changes. Large-scale changes in the economy can be particularly challenging. For example, if a large company is the only employer in a given industry for a certain city, when it closes workers will have no competing company to move to, and the local education system and government will be burdened with many people who need job re-training all at once (possibly at the same time the local economy fails to create new jobs due to decreased overall demand). Employers may also reject workers for reasons unrelated to skills or geography, so for example structural unemployment can also result from discrimination. While temporary changes in overall demand for labor cause cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment can be caused by temporary changes in demand from different industries. For example, seasonal unemployment often affects farm workers after harvesting is complete, and workers in resort towns after the tourist season ends. The dot-com bubble caused a temporary spike in demand for information technology workers, which was suddenly reversed in 2000-2001. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Structural unemployment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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